History of Italy

The Italian peninsula shows evidence of habitation by anatomically modern humans beginning about 43,000 years ago. It is reached by the Neolithic as early as 6000 BC (Cardium Pottery in Coppa Nevigata). The Italian Bronze Age begins around 1500 BC, likely corresponding to the arrival of Indo-European speakers whose descendants would become the Italic peoples of the Iron Age; alongside the early Italic cultures, however, the Etruscan civilization in central Italy and Greek colonies in the south flourished during 8th to 5th centuries BC.

Among the Italic peoples, the Latins, originally situated in the Latium region, and their Latin language would come to dominate the peninsula with the Roman conquest of Italy in the 3rd century BC. The Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire dominated Italy for many centuries, and furthermore established the culture and civilization of Western Europe in general, including the adoption and subsequent spread of Christianity as state religion at the end of the 4th century.

The decline and collapse of the Western Empire by the end of the 5th century is taken to mark the end of Late Antiquity. A Lombard Kingdom of Italy was established, although parts of the peninsula remained under Byzantine rule and influence until the 11th century. The Lombard kingdom was incorporated into Francia and ultimately the Holy Roman Empire, although the rise of city-states, and especially the powerful maritime republics in the medieval period led to political fragmentation. Ultimately, after the disastrous Italian Wars, the peninsula was divided among the major foreign powers of Early Modern Europe, Spain and Austria, and later fell to the French Empire under Napoleon I, the Papal States being reduced to the control of the Holy See over Rome.

意大利半岛显示居住的证据晚期智人开始的43,000名年前。它由新石器时代达到早在公元前6000年（鸟蛤陶器中杯Nevigata）。意大利青铜时代始于公元前1500年左右，可能对应印欧音箱，其后代将成为铁器时代的斜体人民的到来;旁边的早期斜体文化，然而，伊特鲁里亚文明在意大利中部和希腊殖民地在南部8日至5公元前数百年兴旺的象征。

其中斜体人民，拉丁人，原本坐落在拉齐奥地区，他们的拉丁语将主宰与意大利在公元前3世纪罗马人征服半岛。罗马共和国以及后来的罗马帝国统治意大利的许多世纪，进而建立了西欧的文化和文明在一般情况下，包括通过与基督教随后蔓延为国教的第4个世纪末。

衰落和西方帝国崩溃了5个世纪的结尾是采取以纪念近古的结束。伦巴第王国意大利的成立，虽​​然半岛的部分地区仍然受到拜占庭的统治和影响力，直到11世纪。伦巴第王国被纳入弗朗西亚最终神圣罗马帝国，虽然城邦，特别是强大的海上共和国在中世纪时期的兴起导致了政治分裂。最终，灾难性的意大利战争后，朝鲜半岛在人群当中近代早期欧洲，西班牙和奥地利的主要外国列强分裂，后来下降到拿破仑我的法兰西帝国，罗马教皇的状态被还原成神圣的控制见了罗马。